Bitter Orange

Citrus aurantium var. amara

Bitter Orange essential oil

Bitter orange peel oil is cold-pressed from the outer rind of Citrus aurantium var. amara and, like sweet orange, is limonene-dominant (85-95%), but carries a sharper, more resinous bitterness from trace sesquiterpenes. Uniquely among the three bitter-orange-derived oils, the peel oil has been investigated for gastric tissue effects: rat models show that both the essential oil and its principal component d-limonene significantly accelerate healing of induced ulcers, with cure rates of 44% and 56% respectively, mediated through VEGF-driven angiogenesis and increased mucus secretion.[1] Phytochemical profiling further confirms significant antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and antidiabetic enzyme-inhibitory activities.[2]

Also Known As
Seville Orange, Sour Orange
Family
Citrus
Perfumery Note
Top
Intensity
Medium
Extraction
Cold Pressed
Plant Parts
Fruit peel
Origins
Italy, Spain, Tunisia
Effect
Balancing, Focus & Clarity, Uplifting & Energizing
Aroma
Citrus, Bitter, Fresh
Applications
Aromatherapy, Perfumery, Culinary
Price
$$$$Peel is a byproduct of bitter orange processing for food and liqueur industries; lower demand compared to sweet orange keeps the price modest
Blend

References

  1. [1]Healing actions of essential oils from Citrus aurantium and d-limonene in the gastric mucosa: the roles of VEGF, PCNA, and COX-2 in cell proliferation — Moraes TM, Rozza AL, Kushima H, Pellizzon CH, Rocha LRM, Hiruma-Lima CA. Journal of Medicinal Food, 2013
  2. [2]Metabolic profiling and enzyme inhibitory activity of the essential oil of Citrus aurantium fruit peel — Ashmawy NS, Nilofar N, Zengin G, Eldahshan OA. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 2024