Bitter Orange
Citrus aurantium var. amara

Bitter orange peel oil is cold-pressed from the outer rind of Citrus aurantium var. amara and, like sweet orange, is limonene-dominant (85-95%), but carries a sharper, more resinous bitterness from trace sesquiterpenes. Uniquely among the three bitter-orange-derived oils, the peel oil has been investigated for gastric tissue effects: rat models show that both the essential oil and its principal component d-limonene significantly accelerate healing of induced ulcers, with cure rates of 44% and 56% respectively, mediated through VEGF-driven angiogenesis and increased mucus secretion.[1] Phytochemical profiling further confirms significant antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and antidiabetic enzyme-inhibitory activities.[2]
- Also Known As
- Seville Orange, Sour Orange
- Family
- Citrus
- Perfumery Note
- Top
- Intensity
- Medium
- Extraction
- Cold Pressed
- Plant Parts
- Fruit peel
- Origins
- Italy, Spain, Tunisia
- Effect
- Balancing, Focus & Clarity, Uplifting & Energizing
- Aroma
- Citrus, Bitter, Fresh
- Applications
- Aromatherapy, Perfumery, Culinary
- Price
- $$$$Peel is a byproduct of bitter orange processing for food and liqueur industries; lower demand compared to sweet orange keeps the price modest
References
- [1]Healing actions of essential oils from Citrus aurantium and d-limonene in the gastric mucosa: the roles of VEGF, PCNA, and COX-2 in cell proliferation — Moraes TM, Rozza AL, Kushima H, Pellizzon CH, Rocha LRM, Hiruma-Lima CA. Journal of Medicinal Food, 2013
- [2]Metabolic profiling and enzyme inhibitory activity of the essential oil of Citrus aurantium fruit peel — Ashmawy NS, Nilofar N, Zengin G, Eldahshan OA. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 2024